Sains Malaysiana 53(9)(2024):
2021-2032
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2024-5309-01
Essential Oil with
Mosquito-Repellent Potential from Plectranthus amboinicus Leaves against Aedes aegypti via Human Volunteer Study
(Minyak Pati dengan Potensi Penghalau Nyamuk daripada Daun Plectranthus amboinicus terhadap Aedes aegypti melalui Kajian Sukarelawan Manusia)
RIZAFIZAH OTHAMAN1,2, SUMATHY RAGHAVAN1,3, ROZIDA MOHD KHALID1,2, NABHAN SHARER4 & MUNTAZ ABU BAKAR1,*
1Department
of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor,
Malaysia
2Polymer
Research Center, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,
43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
3Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Jalan Empat, 43650 Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor,
Malaysia
4Greenfinite
(M) Sdn. Bhd., 602b, Bangi Business Park, 43650
Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
Diserahkan: 27 Julai 2023/Diterima: 6 Ogos 2024
Abstract
Plectranthus amboinicus(PA) is a highly aromatic
perennial shrub that belongs to the Lamiaceae family. It has thick, fleshy and
succulent leaves and stem. The margins of the leaves contain numerous glandular
hairs that produce essential oil. The essential oil of PA(PAEO) exhibits
therapeutical, nutritional, antioxidant, antimicrobial, insecticidal, and
insect repellent potentials. The objective of this study was to evaluate and
compare the repellent properties of PAEO and DEET against Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which are known carriers of dengue fever. The extraction of PAEO was carried out using hydrodistillation method while the chemical profile was
analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. The bioefficacy test
was conducted according to the household insecticide products personal mosquito
repellent evaluation method for biological efficacy (First revision)
(MS1497:2007) provided by the Standard and Industrial Research Institute of
Malaysia (SIRIM) with slight modification. 10% PAEO was used as test solution
while 10% DEET was used as positive control. Fabric and patches treated with
10% PAEO were tested on human volunteers. Both the fabric and the patch,
treated with 10% PAEO, exhibit excellent repellency (97 - 100%) against Ae. aegypti mosquitoes for a duration of up to 240
min (4 h) post-application. In contrast, 10% DEET, which initially showed a
comparable repellency (99%) 30 min after application,
experiences a gradual decline in repellency over
time, reaching a 51% repellency rate at the end of
the test (240 min post-application). A two-way ANOVA analysis indicates significant
effect for type of treatment (p = 0.016) but with no significant
difference between the exposure time.
Tukey’s test showed
significant differences between 10% PAEO-treated patches and 10% DEET (p = 0.016), and between 10% PAEO-treated fabric and 10% DEET (p =
0.026). These findings suggest that PAEO is potentially an effective natural
repellent against Ae. aegypti.
Keywords: Aedes aegypti; carvacrol; essential oil; natural mosquito
repellent; Plectranthus amboinicus
Abstrak
Plectranthus amboinicus (PA) adalah sejenis syrub saka aromatik daripada famili
Lamiaceae. Ia mempunyai batang dan daun yang tebal dan sukulen. Bahagian margin
daun P. amboinicus mempunyai banyak rerambut kelenjar yang menghasilkan
minyak pati. Minyak pati PA (PAEO) menunjukkan pelbagai potensi daripada
segi terapeutik, pemakanan, antioksidan, antimikrob, insektisid dan penghalau
serangga. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk menilai dan membandingkan sifat
penghalau nyamuk PAEO dan DEET terhadap Aedes aegypti yang merupakan vektor
demam denggi. Pengekstrakan PAEO dijalankan menggunakan kaedah
penyulingan hidro manakala profil kimia dianalisis dengan teknik kromatografi
gas-spektrometri jisim (GC-MS). Ujian bioefikasi telah dijalankan berdasarkan kaedah household
insecticide products personal mosquito repellent evaluation method for
biological efficacy (First revision)(MS1497:2007) yang disediakan oleh Institut Penyelidikan Standard dan Perindustrian Malaysia (SIRIM) dengan sedikit pengubahsuaian. 10% PAEO telah digunakan sebagai larutan ujian manakala 10% DEET digunakan sebagai kawalan positif. Fabrik dan pelekat yang dirawat dengan 10% PAEO diuji ke atas sukarelawan
manusia. Kedua-dua fabrik dan pelekat yang dirawat dengan 10% PAEO memberikan
peratus perlindungan yang sangat baik (97 - 100%) terhadap Ae. aegypti sehingga 240 minit (4 jam) selepas aplikasi. Sebaliknya, 10% DEET menunjukkan
peratus perlindungan yang standing dengan 10% PAEO pada awal ujian (30 minit
selepas aplikasi) tetapi mengalami penurunan yang ketara dengan hanya 51%
diakhir ujian (240 minit selepas aplikasi). Analisis ANOVA dua hala menunjukkan kesan
jenis rawatan yang signifikan (p = 0.016) tetapi tiada perbezaan yang
signifikan antara masa pendedahan. Ujian
Tukey seterusnya mendedahkan perbezaan yang signifikan antara tampalan yang
dirawat dengan 10% PAEO dan DEET 10% (p = 0.016) dan antara kain yang
dirawat dengan 10% PAEO dan DEET 10% (p = 0.026). Keputusan ini
menunjukkan potensi PAEO sebagai penghalau nyamuk semula jadi yang berkesan
terhadap Ae.aegypti.
Kata kunci: Aedes aegypti; karvakrol; minyak pati; penghalau nyamuk
semula jadi; Plectranthus amboinicus
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*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat;
email: muntaz@ukm.edu.my
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